程序化PPT生成：python-pptx实战
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灵阙教研团队
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更新于 2026-02-28 AI 导读
程序化PPT生成：python-pptx实战 引言 python-pptx 是 Python 生态中操作 PowerPoint 文件的标准库，支持创建、读取和修改 .pptx 文件。它是 AI PPT 生成管线中"内容到文件"的最后一公里。本文从基础用法到高级技巧，系统讲解 python-pptx 的工程实践。 一、基础架构 1.1 PPTX 文件结构 .pptx（实际是 ZIP 文件） ├─...
程序化PPT生成：python-pptx实战
引言
python-pptx 是 Python 生态中操作 PowerPoint 文件的标准库，支持创建、读取和修改 .pptx 文件。它是 AI PPT 生成管线中"内容到文件"的最后一公里。本文从基础用法到高级技巧，系统讲解 python-pptx 的工程实践。
一、基础架构
1.1 PPTX 文件结构
.pptx（实际是 ZIP 文件）
├─ [Content_Types].xml
├─ _rels/
├─ docProps/
│ ├─ app.xml # 应用属性
│ └─ core.xml # 核心元数据
└─ ppt/
├─ presentation.xml # 演示文稿定义
├─ slides/
│ ├─ slide1.xml # 每页幻灯片
│ ├─ slide2.xml
│ └─ ...
├─ slideLayouts/ # 布局模板
├─ slideMasters/ # 母版
├─ theme/ # 主题定义
└─ media/ # 图片/视频等媒体
1.2 python-pptx 对象模型
Presentation
├─ slide_masters[] # 幻灯片母版
├─ slide_layouts[] # 布局模板
│ ├─ [0] 标题幻灯片
│ ├─ [1] 标题和内容
│ ├─ [2] 节标题
│ ├─ [5] 仅标题
│ └─ [6] 空白
└─ slides[] # 幻灯片集合
└─ Slide
├─ shapes[] # 形状集合
│ ├─ Shape（矩形/圆形等）
│ ├─ TextBox（文本框）
│ ├─ Picture（图片）
│ ├─ Table（表格）
│ ├─ Chart（图表）
│ └─ GroupShape（组合形状）
├─ slide_layout # 引用的布局
└─ notes_slide # 备注页
二、基础操作
2.1 创建演示文稿
from pptx import Presentation
from pptx.util import Inches, Pt, Emu, Cm
from pptx.dml.color import RGBColor
from pptx.enum.text import PP_ALIGN, MSO_ANCHOR
from pptx.enum.shapes import MSO_SHAPE
# 创建空白演示文稿
prs = Presentation()
# 设置幻灯片尺寸（默认 10" x 7.5"）
prs.slide_width = Inches(13.333) # 宽屏 16:9
prs.slide_height = Inches(7.5)
# 使用预设布局添加幻灯片
slide_layout = prs.slide_layouts[0] # 标题布局
slide = prs.slides.add_slide(slide_layout)
# 设置标题和副标题
title = slide.shapes.title
title.text = "AI 演示文稿生成"
subtitle = slide.placeholders[1]
subtitle.text = "python-pptx 工程实践指南"
prs.save("demo.pptx")
2.2 文本框与格式化
from pptx.util import Inches, Pt
from pptx.dml.color import RGBColor
from pptx.enum.text import PP_ALIGN
def add_formatted_textbox(slide, text: str, left: float, top: float,
width: float, height: float,
font_name: str = "Microsoft YaHei",
font_size: int = 18,
font_color: tuple = (0x1F, 0x29, 0x37),
bold: bool = False,
alignment: int = PP_ALIGN.LEFT):
"""添加格式化文本框"""
txBox = slide.shapes.add_textbox(
Inches(left), Inches(top), Inches(width), Inches(height)
)
tf = txBox.text_frame
tf.word_wrap = True
p = tf.paragraphs[0]
p.text = text
p.font.name = font_name
p.font.size = Pt(font_size)
p.font.color.rgb = RGBColor(*font_color)
p.font.bold = bold
p.alignment = alignment
return txBox
def add_bullet_list(slide, items: list[str], left: float, top: float,
width: float, height: float,
font_size: int = 16, line_spacing: float = 1.5):
"""添加项目符号列表"""
txBox = slide.shapes.add_textbox(
Inches(left), Inches(top), Inches(width), Inches(height)
)
tf = txBox.text_frame
tf.word_wrap = True
for i, item in enumerate(items):
if i == 0:
p = tf.paragraphs[0]
else:
p = tf.add_paragraph()
p.text = item
p.font.size = Pt(font_size)
p.font.color.rgb = RGBColor(0x37, 0x41, 0x51)
p.level = 0
p.space_after = Pt(8)
# 行间距
from pptx.oxml.ns import qn
pPr = p._pPr
lnSpc = pPr.makeelement(qn('a:lnSpc'), {})
spcPct = lnSpc.makeelement(qn('a:spcPct'), {'val': str(int(line_spacing * 100000))})
lnSpc.append(spcPct)
pPr.append(lnSpc)
return txBox
2.3 图片插入
from pptx.util import Inches
from io import BytesIO
import requests
def add_image_from_file(slide, image_path: str,
left: float, top: float,
width: float = None, height: float = None):
"""从文件插入图片"""
if width and height:
pic = slide.shapes.add_picture(
image_path, Inches(left), Inches(top),
Inches(width), Inches(height)
)
elif width:
pic = slide.shapes.add_picture(
image_path, Inches(left), Inches(top), width=Inches(width)
)
else:
pic = slide.shapes.add_picture(
image_path, Inches(left), Inches(top)
)
return pic
def add_image_from_url(slide, url: str,
left: float, top: float,
width: float, height: float):
"""从 URL 下载并插入图片"""
response = requests.get(url)
image_stream = BytesIO(response.content)
pic = slide.shapes.add_picture(
image_stream, Inches(left), Inches(top),
Inches(width), Inches(height)
)
return pic
三、高级组件
3.1 表格
from pptx.util import Inches, Pt
from pptx.dml.color import RGBColor
def add_styled_table(slide, data: list[list[str]],
left: float, top: float,
width: float, height: float,
header_color: tuple = (0x1A, 0x56, 0xDB)):
"""添加带样式的表格"""
rows = len(data)
cols = len(data[0]) if data else 0
table_shape = slide.shapes.add_table(
rows, cols, Inches(left), Inches(top),
Inches(width), Inches(height)
)
table = table_shape.table
# 设置列宽
col_width = Inches(width / cols)
for col_idx in range(cols):
table.columns[col_idx].width = col_width
# 填充数据和样式
for row_idx, row_data in enumerate(data):
for col_idx, cell_text in enumerate(row_data):
cell = table.cell(row_idx, col_idx)
cell.text = str(cell_text)
# 文字样式
for paragraph in cell.text_frame.paragraphs:
paragraph.font.size = Pt(12)
paragraph.alignment = PP_ALIGN.CENTER
if row_idx == 0: # 表头
paragraph.font.color.rgb = RGBColor(0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF)
paragraph.font.bold = True
else:
paragraph.font.color.rgb = RGBColor(0x37, 0x41, 0x51)
# 背景色
if row_idx == 0:
cell.fill.solid()
cell.fill.fore_color.rgb = RGBColor(*header_color)
elif row_idx % 2 == 0:
cell.fill.solid()
cell.fill.fore_color.rgb = RGBColor(0xF3, 0xF4, 0xF6)
return table_shape
# 使用示例
data = [
["指标", "Q2", "Q3", "变化"],
["营收", "$9.5M", "$12.5M", "+32%"],
["用户", "10K", "15K", "+50%"],
["NPS", "65", "72", "+7"],
]
add_styled_table(slide, data, 1, 2, 8, 3)
3.2 图表
from pptx.chart.data import CategoryChartData, XyChartData
from pptx.enum.chart import XL_CHART_TYPE, XL_LEGEND_POSITION
def add_bar_chart(slide, categories: list[str],
series: list[dict],
left: float, top: float,
width: float, height: float,
title: str = None):
"""添加柱状图"""
chart_data = CategoryChartData()
chart_data.categories = categories
for s in series:
chart_data.add_series(s["name"], s["values"])
chart = slide.shapes.add_chart(
XL_CHART_TYPE.COLUMN_CLUSTERED,
Inches(left), Inches(top),
Inches(width), Inches(height),
chart_data
).chart
# 样式设置
chart.has_legend = len(series) > 1
if chart.has_legend:
chart.legend.position = XL_LEGEND_POSITION.BOTTOM
chart.legend.include_in_layout = False
if title:
chart.has_title = True
chart.chart_title.text_frame.paragraphs[0].text = title
# 设置系列颜色
colors = [
RGBColor(0x1A, 0x56, 0xDB),
RGBColor(0xF5, 0x9E, 0x0B),
RGBColor(0x10, 0xB9, 0x81),
]
for i, s in enumerate(chart.series):
s.format.fill.solid()
s.format.fill.fore_color.rgb = colors[i % len(colors)]
return chart
def add_pie_chart(slide, categories: list[str],
values: list[float],
left: float, top: float,
width: float, height: float):
"""添加饼图"""
chart_data = CategoryChartData()
chart_data.categories = categories
chart_data.add_series("", values)
chart = slide.shapes.add_chart(
XL_CHART_TYPE.PIE,
Inches(left), Inches(top),
Inches(width), Inches(height),
chart_data
).chart
chart.has_legend = True
chart.legend.position = XL_LEGEND_POSITION.RIGHT
# 显示数据标签
plot = chart.plots[0]
plot.has_data_labels = True
data_labels = plot.data_labels
data_labels.number_format = '0%'
data_labels.font.size = Pt(10)
return chart
def add_line_chart(slide, categories: list[str],
series: list[dict],
left: float, top: float,
width: float, height: float):
"""添加折线图"""
chart_data = CategoryChartData()
chart_data.categories = categories
for s in series:
chart_data.add_series(s["name"], s["values"])
chart = slide.shapes.add_chart(
XL_CHART_TYPE.LINE_MARKERS,
Inches(left), Inches(top),
Inches(width), Inches(height),
chart_data
).chart
chart.has_legend = True
chart.legend.position = XL_LEGEND_POSITION.BOTTOM
return chart
3.3 形状与图形
def add_rounded_rect(slide, left: float, top: float,
width: float, height: float,
fill_color: tuple = (0x1A, 0x56, 0xDB),
text: str = "", font_color: tuple = (0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF)):
"""添加圆角矩形"""
shape = slide.shapes.add_shape(
MSO_SHAPE.ROUNDED_RECTANGLE,
Inches(left), Inches(top),
Inches(width), Inches(height)
)
shape.fill.solid()
shape.fill.fore_color.rgb = RGBColor(*fill_color)
shape.line.fill.background() # 无边框
if text:
tf = shape.text_frame
tf.word_wrap = True
p = tf.paragraphs[0]
p.text = text
p.font.color.rgb = RGBColor(*font_color)
p.font.size = Pt(14)
p.alignment = PP_ALIGN.CENTER
tf.vertical_anchor = MSO_ANCHOR.MIDDLE
return shape
def add_kpi_card(slide, label: str, value: str, change: str,
left: float, top: float,
width: float = 2.0, height: float = 1.5):
"""添加 KPI 数据卡片"""
# 背景卡片
card = slide.shapes.add_shape(
MSO_SHAPE.ROUNDED_RECTANGLE,
Inches(left), Inches(top),
Inches(width), Inches(height)
)
card.fill.solid()
card.fill.fore_color.rgb = RGBColor(0xF8, 0xFA, 0xFC)
card.line.color.rgb = RGBColor(0xE2, 0xE8, 0xF0)
card.line.width = Pt(1)
# 标签
add_formatted_textbox(slide, label, left + 0.15, top + 0.1,
width - 0.3, 0.3, font_size=11,
font_color=(0x6B, 0x72, 0x80))
# 数值
add_formatted_textbox(slide, value, left + 0.15, top + 0.4,
width - 0.3, 0.5, font_size=28,
font_color=(0x1F, 0x29, 0x37), bold=True)
# 变化
is_positive = change.startswith("+") or change.startswith("↗")
color = (0x05, 0x96, 0x69) if is_positive else (0xDC, 0x26, 0x26)
add_formatted_textbox(slide, change, left + 0.15, top + 0.95,
width - 0.3, 0.3, font_size=12,
font_color=color)
四、模板系统
4.1 从模板创建
def create_from_template(template_path: str, data: dict,
output_path: str) -> str:
"""从模板文件创建演示文稿"""
prs = Presentation(template_path)
for slide in prs.slides:
for shape in slide.shapes:
if shape.has_text_frame:
for paragraph in shape.text_frame.paragraphs:
for run in paragraph.runs:
# 替换占位符
for key, value in data.items():
placeholder = "{{" + key + "}}"
if placeholder in run.text:
run.text = run.text.replace(placeholder, str(value))
prs.save(output_path)
return output_path
# 使用
create_from_template(
"template.pptx",
{
"company_name": "灵阙科技",
"report_date": "2025年Q3",
"revenue": "$12.5M",
"growth": "32%",
},
"q3_report.pptx"
)
4.2 母版与布局
def list_slide_layouts(pptx_path: str) -> list[dict]:
"""列出模板中所有可用布局"""
prs = Presentation(pptx_path)
layouts = []
for i, layout in enumerate(prs.slide_layouts):
placeholders = []
for ph in layout.placeholders:
placeholders.append({
"idx": ph.placeholder_format.idx,
"type": str(ph.placeholder_format.type),
"name": ph.name,
"width": ph.width,
"height": ph.height
})
layouts.append({
"index": i,
"name": layout.name,
"placeholders": placeholders
})
return layouts
五、批量生成实战
5.1 数据驱动批量生成
import pandas as pd
def generate_reports_from_data(data_path: str, template_path: str,
output_dir: str):
"""从数据表批量生成报告"""
df = pd.read_csv(data_path)
for _, row in df.iterrows():
# 为每条记录生成一份 PPT
prs = Presentation(template_path)
# 数据页
slide = prs.slides.add_slide(prs.slide_layouts[6])
# 添加 KPI 卡片
metrics = [
("营收", f"${row['revenue']}M", f"+{row['growth']}%"),
("用户", f"{row['users']}K", f"+{row['user_growth']}%"),
("NPS", str(row['nps']), f"+{row['nps_change']}"),
]
for i, (label, value, change) in enumerate(metrics):
add_kpi_card(slide, label, value, change,
left=0.5 + i * 3.2, top=2.0)
output_path = f"{output_dir}/{row['region']}_report.pptx"
prs.save(output_path)
5.2 AI + python-pptx 集成
class AIPresentationBuilder:
"""AI 驱动的演示文稿构建器"""
def __init__(self, theme: str = "corporate"):
self.theme_config = THEMES[theme]
def build(self, content: dict, output_path: str) -> str:
"""从 AI 生成的结构化内容构建 PPTX"""
prs = Presentation()
prs.slide_width = Inches(13.333)
prs.slide_height = Inches(7.5)
for slide_data in content["slides"]:
layout_type = slide_data.get("layout_type", "content")
renderer = self._get_renderer(layout_type)
renderer(prs, slide_data)
prs.save(output_path)
return output_path
def _get_renderer(self, layout_type: str):
renderers = {
"title_slide": self._render_title_slide,
"content": self._render_content_slide,
"two_column": self._render_two_column,
"chart": self._render_chart_slide,
"image_right": self._render_image_right,
"comparison": self._render_comparison,
"quote": self._render_quote,
"closing": self._render_closing,
}
return renderers.get(layout_type, self._render_content_slide)
def _render_title_slide(self, prs, data):
slide = prs.slides.add_slide(prs.slide_layouts[6])
self._set_background(slide, self.theme_config["primary"])
add_formatted_textbox(
slide, data["title"], 1, 2.5, 11, 2,
font_size=44, font_color=(0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF), bold=True,
alignment=PP_ALIGN.CENTER
)
if data.get("subtitle"):
add_formatted_textbox(
slide, data["subtitle"], 1, 4.8, 11, 1,
font_size=20, font_color=(0xBF, 0xDB, 0xFE),
alignment=PP_ALIGN.CENTER
)
def _render_content_slide(self, prs, data):
slide = prs.slides.add_slide(prs.slide_layouts[6])
add_formatted_textbox(
slide, data["title"], 0.7, 0.4, 11, 1,
font_size=28, font_color=self.theme_config["primary"][:3],
bold=True
)
if data.get("bullet_points"):
add_bullet_list(
slide, data["bullet_points"],
0.7, 1.8, 11, 5, font_size=18
)
def _set_background(self, slide, color):
bg = slide.background
fill = bg.fill
fill.solid()
if isinstance(color, RGBColor):
fill.fore_color.rgb = color
else:
fill.fore_color.rgb = RGBColor(*color)
六、常见坑与解决方案
| 问题 | 原因 | 解决方案 |
|---|---|---|
| 中文乱码 | 字体不支持 | 使用"Microsoft YaHei"或"SimHei" |
| 图片模糊 | 分辨率不够 | 使用 300 DPI 以上图片 |
| 文字溢出 | 文本框太小 | 启用 word_wrap = True + 调整大小 |
| 图表数据不显示 | 数据类型错误 | 确保数值为 int/float |
| 文件体积过大 | 图片未压缩 | 预处理图片至合适尺寸 |
| 布局错位 | 单位混用 | 统一使用 Inches 或 Emu |
总结
python-pptx 是将 AI 生成的结构化内容转化为 PPTX 文件的核心工具。掌握文本框、表格、图表、形状四大组件的创建与样式控制，配合模板系统和批量生成能力，可以构建出高效的企业级 PPT 自动化管线。核心实践：用 Design Tokens 统一视觉风格，用布局渲染器模式组织代码，用数据驱动实现批量生产。
Maurice | maurice_wen@proton.me